Differentiations in English Pronunciation
Vowel Differentiations:
Consonant Differentiations:
English, the weirdo!
1 When /eɪ/ is followed by [l,m,n], it is lowered to [ɛɪ], or even to [ɛː] (esp. in American accents), like in mail, main, name, etc.
no gel in the jail
sell the sale
painted pen
remaining men
the same-name templates
2 When /eɪ/ is followed by [ŋ], it is lowered further to be near [ɛ], like in change, strange, etc.
- not nor no
[ɒ ɔɹ oʊ] (AmE)
[ɔ oː əʊ] (BrE)
on all own
turn on/off
oh, all gone! - farther fat father
[ɑɹ æ ɑ] (AmE)
[ɑː æ ɑː] (BrE)
cats on the bath
have a bad bath
not that wandering wonder
[ɒ æ ɑ ʌ]
not a nut
it's gone but done
son of the Sun - and end aid
[æ ɛ eɪ]
sadly shedding a bad bed
have a heavy-weighted head
plain plan air plane1
well whale1
change the length2
merry Mary's married many times
[ɛ ɛə æ ɛ -]
many ones have varied anyway - behind the city scenes
[ɪ ə ɪi i] (AmE)
[ɪ ə ɪi iː] (BrE)
[ɪ(ə)] be-, -less
sitting seat
bitches on the beach
Sheep On a Ship - awful good food
[ə ʊ u] (AmE)
[ə ʊ uː] (BrE)
you should shoot it
put foods on a foot
I have a hooting hood
a good flood
[ə ʊ ʌ]
puzzle pussy cat
purely poor suit suite
[jʊɹ ʊɹ u wi] (AmE)
[jʊə ʊə ju wiː] (BrE)
Consonant Differentiations:
- The S family
she saw seashores
[ʃ s sʃz]
design, assign, issue, dessert, desert
boxes, packs, maps, hats, fogs, bags, cabs, heads
washing machine
surely a pleasant pleasure
[ʃ z ʒ]
action, collection, vision, collision
special, seizable, visual, seizure
beige page (= white page + yellow page/2)
[ʒ dʒ]
massage of message - The T family
tickling thick stick
[tʰ θ t]
bat both balls
the dude
[ð d]
dig that duct - The PH family
ban span pan fan van
[b p pʰ f v]
of off
[v f]
What's Watt
[ʍ w]
English, the weirdo!
- "Reversed" pronunciations
pause / pound
[pʰɔːz / pʰaʊnd]
warm / worm
[wɔɹm / wəɹm]
sew / new
[soʊ / njuː] - "Irregular" NG
singer longer / finger anger
[sɪŋəɹ lɔŋəɹ / fɪŋgəɹ æŋgəɹ]
longing / longest / longitude / longevity
[ˈlɔŋɪŋ / ˈlɔŋɪst,ˈlɔŋgɪst / ˈlɔŋgɪtjuːd,ˈlɔndʒətuːd / lɔnˈdʒevətɪ]
increase include / synchronize uncle
[ɪnˈkɹiːs ɪnˈkluːd / ˈsɪŋkɹənaɪz ˈʌŋkəl] - The "Stress"
áddress/addréss(n), ádult/adúlt, téchnic/techníque(n), ...
1 When /eɪ/ is followed by [l,m,n], it is lowered to [ɛɪ], or even to [ɛː] (esp. in American accents), like in mail, main, name, etc.
no gel in the jail
sell the sale
painted pen
remaining men
the same-name templates
2 When /eɪ/ is followed by [ŋ], it is lowered further to be near [ɛ], like in change, strange, etc.
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